The Model That Kubler Ross Came Up With Philosophy Essay

The Model That Kubler Ross Came Up With Philosophy Essay This is an idea spearheaded by Dr. Elizabeth Kubler-Ross. The doctor studied and came up with methods of support and guidance for people who suffered from trauma, grief and grieving. This study of death is called thanatology this would in turn make Dr Kubler-Ross a thanatologist and she has contributed a lot to the relevance of this genre. The studies and research she did helped others to be able to cope with the grief they experienced either personally or through friends and loved ones. This is mostly because before her theories mostly people just put aside their feelings, this especially with the western civilization who take death as a bad omen or taboo. Dr. Kubler-Ross came up with the main stages that one undergoes when in grief and the effects that this has on the person involved and the society at large. The behaviours of those under grief range from the belief they could not stop the events that occurred for them to suffer grief, the grieving might have different conflicting emotions where they cope with what has occurred. The grieving can move from laughter to sadness. They may engage in activities to occupy their minds and so forth. Experts believe that grief can be classified into two main styles: Intuitive and Instrumental where Instrumental represent those people that perform physical activities as their way of grieving for instance sports, dancing and hobbies that excite them. Intuitive on the other hand take from the event that led to the grief and start taking their lives from a different perspective by changing the way they live, do more charity work, mend broken relationships since life is too short and it is not worth to hold grudges. The model that Kubler-Ross came up with constituted five main stages. This was illustrated in her book On Death and Dying  [1]  . The first stage is Denial, in this stage the individual grieving due to loss or any other stressful activity that has happened for instance broken relationships and loss of employment (KuÃÅ'ˆbler-Ross (1974)). The grieving believes they are fine with everything and that they have nothing to worry about. This according to Dr Kubler-Ross is only but a temporary solution since one now takes situations more personally and it takes a heavy toll to hide the real feelings they have. The other stage is anger, this stage the affected individual is angered by why this has happened to them and not to anyone else though it may have happened to many other people before them (KuÃÅ'ˆbler-Ross (1974)). This people believe that the world has something against them and they look for people or something to let it out on. These people start being violent and unbecoming towards those close to them which make the situation even worse. In this stage the person grieving cannot continue with denial as this is not enough, this makes them do something they might regret but seemed a good idea at the time. The next stage is bargaining the individual has now come to terms with what has happened and now tries to make sure they give themselves hope to have enough time in the world if they are dying or more time with their loved ones if your loved one is faced with death. The end result is now at hand and one will do close to anything to have just a little more time. Bargaining will include spending all your life savings to postpone the death of the loved one this includes having them on life support for as long as possible until you are even bankrupt(KuÃÅ'ˆbler-Ross(2005)). This stage one has already accepted their fate but believe if they could only have more time. The person grieving wants more time to make sure they have done everything or most of what they wished to do in their bucket list before they say their final goodbye. The next stage is Depression, here one has given up if one is dying they do not bother with anything anymore if one is losing a loved one they lose hope also and do not want to continue on with their lives. The knowledge that death is now very certain one disconnects, for the one dying they may refuse to see those they loved, they grieve on their own and accept their fate since constantly seeing those they love is even worse (KuÃÅ'ˆbler-Ross (2005)). Those losing a loved one should not try to give them false hopes as this will counteract on them so they should leave their loved ones to process the grief they are facing as this is very important for them. The last and final stage is acceptance one here has to prepare themselves of the expected reality. This is where one cannot change what is to happen so they do their best to make sure they have come to terms with what is to happen and say their goodbye. When one accepts the reality they can be able to move on in peace and cherish the life lived by those they lost. These stages when first formulated by Dr. Kubler-Ross mostly involved those suffering from terminal illnesses for instance cancer but it was later translated to also be relevant for personal loss which includes job, relationships, freedom and natural disasters. These stages may not be experienced by every person in the world who is grieving nor in the order shown above but one must experience at least two of the stages when grieving. The process of grieving is very important and one should not force it or rush to recovery. This process should be left to work itself out for as long as required. This should go on until one eventually reaches the final stage of accepting their loss and move on from here as there is so much to live for. It is very important to realize that as life is important death is equally important and one should be able to understand and embrace it as it is inevitable. This model of grief applies to gender due to the fact the toll taken by the different gender male and female is very diverse. The problems or grief faced by a male towards risks or dangerous situations is not that threatening but the same to a female is very threatening. Examples include men are the ones who are tasked with being the source of security while women stay behind the scenes. The same is true for grief women tend to show their grief more openly than their male counterparts thus a female is more likely to recover from grief faster than men since they do not hide the toll grief takes on them making their recovery quicker, while men mostly are in denial for a very long time thus the process is very slow and they hurt more emotionally. Emotional responses are different across the gender roles thus the grief model helps us understand the perspectives that people are different. This shows we should give the individual suffering from some grief ample time to recover from the issues associated with the loss  [2]  . The time it takes for you if quick do not push others to also come to terms with their grief as this may have a negative effect on the person. The model of Kubler-Ross acknowledges there is more or less a pattern for individuals suffering from bereavement, great loss, loss of employment and the levels that it affects the individuals vary greatly. The result eventually is acceptance and no matter how long it takes or the order of the stages of grief they will cope. The main realization of this model is life moves on and with time everyone heals. Once an individual realizes how to deal with their emotions they will be able to undergo this process more easily. Grief is experienced by everyone at one time or another and the time it takes to heal varies from one person to the next. It can be anywhere from a month to even two or more years. Grief does not mean that one cannot experience happiness, joy and laughter this can be felt even when one is suffering from even the worst of situations. Other people their grief is recurring even after long periods of time. This is mostly due to underlying issues in their psychology for instance depression that was aggravated as a result of the loss or dependency on the lost loved one in your life thus they are a constant reminder they are no longer there for you. There have been other experts that show that to cope with grief is not necessarily in stages but a dual process. This was described by Stroebe and Schut that it is changing from experiences you have of loss to your normal experiences before the loss came into the picture. This helps the bereaved to realize there is more to live for and so come to terms with their grief. The work of psychologist J.W. Worden also noted the tasks of grief which involved the acceptance of the reality of the loss as one cannot do anything about it. The second was to work through the pain of grief this is the same as taking your time to heal and recover from the loss to return your life to normal. The next task is to adjust your life to living without the lost loved one in your day to day environment. The last task is to control your emotions to the fact the deceased is no longer with us and thus move on with your life without them. In children, grief, for example in divorce, is manifested through a systematic process. The first step is denial, where the children feel the requirement to accept that their guardians will get back together, or they will alter their opinion about the separation. There is the thought in the childs head that both parents will change their minds and get back together. The next step is anger. This is where children feel the requirement to accuse somebody for their pity and misfortune. This is evident where the child is agitated and blames one parent from leaving them. Next, a child is at a stage where they want to bargain. In this stage, kids feel as though they have some state in the scenario assuming that they carry a deal to the table. This causes them keep concentrated on the positive that the scenario may change, and less kept tabs on the negative, and the bitterness theyll encounter after the separation. For example, a child may want to run errands hoping that this will bring peace to the parents and defer the breakup. Depression next sets in, and includes the tyke encountering bitterness when they know there is nothing else to be finished, and they acknowledge they cant stop the separation. The folks need to let the tyke encounter this technique of lamenting in light of the fact that provided that they dont, it will just indicate their failure to adapt to the scenario. Finally, a child acknowledges the situation. This does not fundamentally imply that the tyke will be altogether cheerful once more. The acknowledgement is only moving past the wretchedness and beginning to acknowledge the separation. The sooner the folks begin to proceed onward from the scenario, the sooner the kids can start to acknowledge the actuality of it. Grief during a break up occurs in the following manner. In the denial stage, the individual being broken up with is unable to concede that the relationship is truly over. Theyll surmise that it is either a joke or that the other partner will soon come to acknowledge that it was an oversight and theyll be back together. In the anger stage, when the actuality sets in that the relationship is over, it is common for one partner to demand the knowledge of why the relationship ended. This stage can make them feel like they are being treated treacherously and it might cause them to end up being angry at individuals near them who want to help the break up scenario. After the anger stage, comes the bargaining stage where one will attempt to argue with their previous spouse by guaranteeing that whatever initiated the breakup will never happen again. Next the individual may feel debilitated that their bargaining supplication did not persuade their previous spouse to alter their opinion. This will send the individual into the depression stage and can create an absence of sleep, eating food and even upset everyday bodily functions such as bowel movement. Acknowledgement and moving on from the scenario and individual is the final stage. The individual acknowledges that the relationship is over and starts to get up and go on with their life. The individual may not be totally over the scenario however they are finished backpedaling and onward to the focus where they can acknowledge the actuality of the scenario. In the case of alcohol abuse, an individual feels that they dont have an issue concerning liquor or substances. Regardless of the fact that they do feel as though they may have a minor issue they accept that they have finite control over the scenario and can quit drinking or doing pills whenever they need. During their angry phase, the abuser identifies with how they get angry on the grounds that they have a habit or are angry that they can no longer use drugs. Some are angry that they are enslaved by drugs and do not want to be like so anymore, and others are angry that they can no longer use drugs. In the bargaining stage, medication and liquor abusers endure when they are attempting to influence themselves or another person that they are setting off to quit misapplying to receive something in return or get them out of inconvenience. In the depression stage, sadness and sadness are vital parts of the sadness stage while managing a medication abuser. Most abusers experience this when they are facing the withdrawal stage stopping their compulsion. It is essential to convey the aforementioned sentiments as a technique of the mending. The acceptance stages ends up with substance abusers conceding you have an issue is diverse the same as tolerating you have an issue. At the time you concede you have an issue this is less averse to happen in the bartering stage. Tolerating that you have an issue is when you acknowledge that you have an issue and begin the procedure to resolution the issue. As stated in the above examples, as per her theory, Kà ¼bler-Ross guaranteed the aforementioned stages dont essentially come in place, nor are everything stages encountered by all patients. She stated, in any case, that an individual will dependably encounter no less than two of the stages. Regularly, individuals will encounter numerous stages in a roller coaster impact switching between two or more stages, coming back to one or more sometimes before working through it. Women are more possible than men to experience each of the five stages. Nonetheless, the Kà ¼bler-Ross theory holds that there are people who battle with expiration until the close. Certain clinicians accept that the harder an individual battles passing, the more probable they will be to stay in the refusal stage. Provided that this is the situation, it is conceivable the affected individual will have more trouble biting the dust in a noble manner. Different analysts state that not facing death until the end is better for some individuals. A dying persons approach to passing on has been joined to the measure of significance and reason an individual has discovered all through his lifetime. An investigation of 160 individuals with less than three months to live demonstrated that those who felt they comprehended their reason in life or considered uncommon importance, confronted less fear and lose hope in the last weeks of their lives than those who had not. In this and comparative studies, deep sense of being assisted kicking the bucket people manage the wretchedness stage more forcefully than those who were not otherworldly. Investigations of teaching method, the procedure of instructing, propose that the examples of distress are restricted of depicting the fundamental examples of joining new informative content that clashes with past convictions. Additionally, see Learning hypothesis (training) All truth passes through three stages. First and foremost, it is scorned. Second, it is brutally contradicted. Third, it is acknowledged as being undeniable. stated Arthur Schopenhauer of the studying technique, which relates to the five phases of distress with mocking being disavowal, restriction being anger and bartering, and acknowledgement being gloom and acknowledgement. There is additionally a theory which recommends that this studying methodology is the same example perceived in the here and there and then here again circling development of a molecule being aggravated by a wave.[6] Emotional force climbs and down and up once more, while information moves regressive, forward, back, and then send once more, until the distinctive is blissful with the way they have mixed the new qualified data with the old. We comprehend that individuals immersed in the result of grief need to realize what to need and to what extent it will keep going. Such inquiries can never be attractively answered. Since each griever is exceptional, there are no quick answers about sorrow. To the extent that as weve put into disproving the stages, Kubler-Ross herself disproves them superior to we can in the opening passage of On Grief and Grieving: The stages have developed since their presentation, and they have been extremely misconstrued in the course of recent decades. They were never intended to assist tuck chaotic feelings into flawless bundles. They are reactions to misfortune that numerous individuals have, yet there is not an ordinary reaction to misfortune, as there is no run of the mill misfortune. Our anguish is as distinctive as our lives. Not everybody lives out every last one of them or goes in a recommended request.

The History of Ku Klux Klan :: essays research papers

It has been heard and talked about throughout history, that there was never such a thing as "The" Ku Klux Klan. There is traceable evidence of different movements and organizations that have used this name. The history of the K.K.K. corresponds with the history of race relations from our country. The Klan can be divided into five different eras: The Reconstruction, The End of the War (& Pulaski Six), The Klan Mobilization, The Reign of Terror, and The End of the First Era. Each stage was brought out by economic and social changes. Each stage also is at the same point in time as an escalation in racial standings. As it was started in 1865, the Ku Klux Klan has sent a sense of terror through people’s minds. A group of six white Southerners was the start of this organization. The history of violence of the K.K.K. is a result of the hatred and anger from the end of the Civil War. The reason for this hatred was because blacks had won their struggle for freedom of slavery. They fought to deny the civil rights for African Americans. They wanted the blacks to be forced into slavery once again. The K.K.K. tore apart reconstructing governments and established a reign of terror and violence throughout the whole war-torn South. The first era of the K.K.K. lasted about three or four years, than faded. The arose again after World War 1. The overall story starts with many generations of Americans learning hard lessons of life. These experiences led to fierce individualism, surprising inventiveness, and the thought that they could be whatever and go wherever they wanted to. Other things occurred alon g with these thoughts. "Frontier Justice" was an instant, private and violent method of settling differences without law officials. This was a large component to the motivation of the Ku Klux Klan. To some whites the freedom of slaves meant that their social and economic ways of life had been defeated. For some white Southerners, this was a nightmare that came true. The number of slaves living around the whites were seen as threats. Night patrols were a result of bloody slave revolts. These patrols consisted of white men that were empowered and authorized by law to look enforce a curfew for slaves, look for runaways and guard rural areas. This was done to prevent any black rebellions. These patrollers were given the right to whip any violators they caught.

Comment on the Three Conditions on Market Efficiency

An efficient capital market is one in which stock prices fully reflect available information. Professor Andrei Shleifer has suggested three conditions lead to market efficiency. (1)rationality, (2)independent deviations from rationality, and (3)arbitrage. This essay will examine investors’ behavioral biases and then discuss the behavioral and empirical challenges to market efficiency. In the attached article, James Montier suggested three behavioral biases that investors had. (1) illusion of control, (2)self-attribution, and (3)over-confident. Illusion of control means people fell they are in control of a situation far more than they are.Self-attribution means good outcomes are contributed to their skill while bad outcomes are contributed to external, such as back luck. These two biases lead people to be over-optimistic and exaggerate their own abilities. People are always over-confident as well. They always think they are smarter and have better information than they actually do. These three behavioral biases form a potential combination and lead investors to overestimate their ability and knowledge and understate the risks. In reality, there are some other behavioral biases. Investors usually prefer to put their money into a company that they know or familiar with.This is known as familiarity bias. They will invest heavily in the company they work for. They will also allocate a larger fraction of their investments to domestic stock even though it is easier to diversify investments across geographies. In addition, people tend to perceive probabilities and resonate with their own pre-existing ideas even though the conclusions drawn are statistically invalid. And this is called representativeness. The next bias exists in reality is conservatism, it means that people are too slow in adjusting their beliefs to new information.They clings to prior views or forecasts at the expense of acknowledging new information. The last bias I want to mention is herd beha vior. This is a tendency for individuals to mimic the actions(rational or irrational) of a larger group. It may comes from social pressure of conformity and/or believing the larger group knows something that they don’t. Most of the above-mentioned behavioral biases contradict Professor Andrei Shleifer’s three conditions for market efficiency. One of the conditions he suggested was rational.People will adjust their estimates of stock prices in a rational way after new information is released in the marketplace. Are people really rational? Not always. People will exert familiarity bias. They will be too favor the investments in companies they are familiar with. Tendency by investors to invest in domestic stock or the companies they work for. They do not achieve the degree of diversification that they can easily achieve. Others are over-confident and over-optimistic to believe they can pick winners and losers when, in fact, they cannot; this leads them to trade too much, generating both commissions and taxes.The behavioral view is that not all investors are irrational. Rather, it is some, perhaps many, investors are. Independent deviation from rationality was the second condition for market efficiency suggested by Andrei Shleifer. However, psychologists have long argued that people deviate from rationality in accordance with a number of basic principles. Some of them can apply to finance and market efficiency. One of the most examples in recent memory would be the bursting of the internet bubble. The behavior bias, representativeness can be used to explain this phenomenal.People perceive their pre-existing idea and draw conclusions from insufficient data. They saw a short history of high revenue growth and extrapolate that it will continue forever. Another behavior bias to explain internet bubble is herd behavior. Investors face pressure of conformity and trust large group irrationally. Result into a tendency for individuals to mimic the actions of a larger group that contributed to Internet bubble as well. Another behavior bias contradict independent deviations from rationality is conservatism. People are too slow in adjusting their beliefs to new information.In 2005, Kolasinski and Li have done a research by ranking companies by the extent of their earnings surprise. They found that prices adjust slowly to the earning announcements with the portfolio with the positive surprises outperforming the portfolio with the negative surprises. Behavioral finance suggests that investors exhibit conservatism. Professor Andrei Shleifer suggests that domination of rational professional will carry the stock meet its efficient prices by simultaneous purchasing and selling of misprice stock. However, in a world of many irrational amateurs and a few professionals, prices would not adjust to correct level.The risk of further mispricing may reduce the size of arbitrage strategies. In 1907, Royal Dutch Petroleum and Shell Transport merge interes t and split the cash flow in a 60/40 basis. However, empirical finding shows that two parties have rarely traded at parity (60/40) over the 1962 to 2004 period. Deviation from parity could increase in the short run, implying losses for the arbitrageur. There are also a numbers of empirical challenges to market efficiency. The common features among those empirical studies were all in an international basis.A number of studies of relationship between the return and its market capitalizations have been replicated over different periods and in different countries. They found that return on small stocks was quite a bit higher than the average return on large stocks. It may be not all but merely a compensation for the extra risk. In 1998, Fama and French found the average return on value stocks was above the average return on growth stocks in 12 to 13 major international stock markets. The return difference is so large and these ratios can be obtained so easily.The results constitute stro ng evidence against market efficiency. Security prices sometimes move wildly above their true values and eventually fall back to original level. The crashes and bubbles of Internet stock in late 1990 consistent with this bubble theory and constitute evidence against market efficiency. Size, value versus growth, crashes and bubbles were all found in international stock market. And those behavioral biases studies were carried around the world. Therefore, we may expect those behavioral and empirical challenges discussed above may hold in all counties or market setting.

Stereotypical Images of Native Americans Essay - 2011 Words

Stereotypical Images of Native Americans The encounter of Christopher Columbus with the indigenous people of the Americas and the Caribbean would ultimately set in motion the destruction of Native American life and culture as it had existed for thousands of years. Images and stereotypes of the Native Americans were indelibly etched into the minds of the Europeans and we struggle today to eradicate these harmful portrayals. When Columbus arrived in the Caribbean in 1492, he was greeted by the natives of what is currently Haiti and the Dominican Republic, on the island of Hispaniola. These people were the Taino Indians, who belong to the general group Arawak, which primarily describes the common language shared by the native people†¦show more content†¦They built two basic styles of housing; one for the general populace and another for the caciques. Ordinary people lived in dwellings somewhat similar to North American teepees, circular buildings with a central pole. The major difference was that they did not use animal skins for shelter, but instead used straw and palm leaves. The caciques were housed in rectangular buildings, much larger, although the same materials were used. Since these houses would contain a caciques entire family, they were quite large. Even the common peoples homes had to house anywhere from 10 - 15 men and their families, which could mean up to a hundred people (Stannard 51). Most of the people were generally naked, although the women sometimes wore short skirts. Both sexes liked to adorn their bodies with paint and shells. Since the Taino were a peaceful people, they had very limited weapons capabilities. They used the bow and arrow and some spears with fish hooks on the end, but they did not develop any armor or specifically defensive weapons such as a shield. 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